The main purpose of this study is to explain the word order of topicalized constituents in non-pro.making persian topicalization based on Functional Discourse grammar. Since this grammar does not believe in concepts such as movement, we will also seek to explain this process in base-generated procedures. Therefore, in this study, in order to achieve the above goals, the method of mapping the linguistic elements of sentences containing non-pro.making Persian topicalized constituents in morphosyntactic templates in four absolute initial, second, medial and final positions and infinite relative ones presented in Functional Discourse grammar was considered. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and the examples are taken from selected samples of Persian speech and written texts, which after introducing the mechanisms of this grammar,have been analyzed based on the principles of this theory. The method of determining the order of constituents used in the present study is the dynamic method of FDG that is inspired by the method of determining the word order of Greenberg. In this approach instead of three categories of subject, object and verb, respectively, the concepts of actor, undergoer and predicate, determine the word order of the languages of the world. The results indicate that in marked constituents such as topicalization, considering the communicative intention of the speaker, various elements including ,thematic and non-thematic elements and even predicates can be topicalized and on the other hand, considering that, based on the principles of this grammar, the topicalized constituent in the interpersonal level is given priority in entering morphosyntactic templates, so the topicalization process is not the result of movement, but the topicalized element is produced in base-generated procedures in the same position. The results also show that Functional Discourse grammar is an appropriate and efficient method by referring to the three principles of iconicity, domain integrity and Functional stability in determining the constituent arrangement of sentences containing non-pro.making Persian topicalization.

Lexical Functional Gramma (LFG) is a non-transformational generative grammar, which excludes concepts such as deep structure, surface structure and transformation. Rather than shifting a deep structure into a surface form through transformations, LFG maintains the idea that several structures exist in parallel levels. The two main structures in the LFG are constituent structure and function structure, which are abbreviated as c-structure and f-structure, respectively. LFG is also comprised of other structures including argument structure, semantic structure, and information structure. The present paper mainly focuses on the f-structure to prove the capability of LFG in explaining some linguistic phenomena and characteristics of Persian language such as passivization, non-configurationality, and topicalization. Certain Persian structures such as simple and compound sentences, complement clauses, and genitive structures are studied and, following 10 grammatical roles are introduced for Persian Lodrup’ s (2011) model, which are classified as argument vs. non-argument and discourse vs. non-discourse.

Persian extraposition is a process in which a part of a constituent moves to post-verbal position. Functional Discourse grammar (FDG) is presented by Hengveld and Mackenzei (2008). The goal of this research is processing explanation of Persian post-verbal relative clause. Findings show that constituent weight is used in FDG for reasoning the existence of post-verbal relative clause. FDG uses the motivated competition for the simultaneous usage of both preverbal and postverbal Persian relative clause. The competition between two processing principles are: Mimnimize Domain & Domain Integrity. Whenever Domain Integrity principle wins the competition, relative clause as a pragmatic and semantic part of their head are mapped next to their nominal head in the morphosyntactic template. In contrary, whenever Mimnimize Domain principle wins, relative clause and preposition phrase are mapped at the end of the clause for the sake of their weight.

Systematic linguistics examines the role-oriented grammar of language within the context of text and in the three domains of interpersonal, textual, and ideational metafunctions, explaining its function in the evolution of cognitive processes. Since linguistic structures such as grammatical rules, types of vocabulary, and their combinations are effective in shaping and developing human cognitive processes as well as in analyzing and understanding texts, studying the poem "al-Mawakib" as a significant, philosophical, and extended work with themes such as contemplation of nature, goodness, poetry, justice, life, and death based on linguistic analytical approaches reveals new dimensions of its technical and textual aspects. In this research, the analysis of the refrains in the poem "al-Mawakib" is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on the interpersonal metafunction approach to elucidate its semantic coherence and structural features, thereby uncovering aspects of its linguistic characteristics and providing an understanding of the poem's content, implications, and messages. The research findings show that the poet uses various forms of declarative, emphatic, imperative, wishful expressions, and positive polarity to describe material and conceptual experiences. Through the repetition of declarative and emphatic statements, the poet engages with the audience, aligning them with his thoughts, and by using the imperative form, he invites them to play the "ney," which symbolizes eternity and tranquility.

Automated author identification is one of the important fields in forensic linguistics. In this study, the effectiveness of systemic Functional grammar (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014) features in Persian authorship attribution was compared with that of function words. First, a corpus composed of documents written by seven contemporary Iranian authors was collected. Second, a list of function words was extracted from the corpus. Moreover, conjunction, modality and comment adjunct system networks were applied to form a lexicon using linguistics resources. Then, the relative frequency of function words in addition to systemic Functional features were calculated in each document. Multilayer perceptron classifier, a type of neural network, was used for learning phase which resulted in a desirable accuracy in evaluation phase. The results of the study showed that using function words method is superior to systemic Functional approach alone in Persian author identification, however, simultaneous use of the two methods increases the effectiveness in comparison to each alone. Introduction Recently, automated author identification has become a key focus for forensic linguistics. Author identification involves determining the writer of a text from a set of potential authors. The text in question could be a threatening letter, an email, a literary work, or a scientific article or book. The basis for author identification rests on the idea that different authors may write about the same topic using overlapping, yet distinct, lexico-grammatical units—an issue referred to as idiolect (Coulthard, 2004). The first significant attempt to identify writing styles was Mendenhall's study of Shakespeare's plays (1887). The play Henry VIII is widely recognized as a collaborative work, not solely authored by William Shakespeare. Plechac (2020) investigated the use of accent or stress to identify the contributions of other authors to the play. In Persian, several studies have been conducted to determine authorship (Farahamandpour et al., 2013; Arefi et al., 2021). These studies utilized repetitive features, such as lexical richness, frequency of syntactic groups, collocations, and the relative frequency of punctuation marks, to detect writing styles. Measuring the frequency of function words is one valid method for author identification. Function words, which have limited meanings, indicate the Functional relationships between components of a sentence. Golshaie (2019) and Dabagh (2007) applied the frequency of Persian function words to identify authors. This study aims to compare the efficacy of function word frequency with systemic Functional grammar methods in automatically identifying writing styles. Theoretical Framework Systemic Functional grammar (SFG) is a component of the social semiotic approach to language known as systemic Functional linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). SFG conceptualizes language as a network of systems, or interrelated sets of options for creating meaning. Since the 1960s, SFG has been applied in various contexts within computational linguistics (Matthiessen & Bateman, 1991; Teich, 1995). In SFG, the clause is considered the fundamental unit of language, and it is analyzed through three perspectives, defined as the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. The ideational function is further divided into the experiential and logical aspects (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). This study employs three system networks: conjunction, modality, and comment. These networks correspond to three types of adjuncts: conjunctive adjuncts, mood adjuncts, and comment adjuncts, respectively. In the systemic environment of conjunction, conjunctions function as conjunctive adjuncts within the clause structure. They establish relationships where one segment of text elaborates on, extends, or enhances another segment (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Modal adjuncts express the speaker's or writer's judgment or attitude toward the content of the message. There are two types of modal adjuncts: (i) mood adjuncts and (ii) comment adjuncts. Mood adjuncts and comment adjuncts are categorized within the modality and comment adjunct system networks, respectively. Modality encompasses intermediate degrees between positive and negative poles, defining the region of uncertainty between 'yes' and 'no.' The modality system allows writers to qualify events or entities in terms of their probability, typicality, obligation, or inclination (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). The comment adjunct system provides a means for the writer to comment on the status of a message concerning the textual and interactive context of the discourse (Argamon et al., 2007). Comments can target either the ideational content of the proposition or the interpersonal aspects of the speech function (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). Method A corpus was compiled from the works of seven contemporary Persian writers: Hoshang Golshiri, Bozorg Alavi, Ahmad Mahmoud, Mahmoud Dolatabadi, Nader Ebrahimi, Jalal Al-e Ahmad, and Gholamhossein Saedi, totaling 2,069,243 words. From this corpus, a list of 197 function words was extracted using the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) technique. Conjunction, modality, and comment adjunct system networks were then used to create a lexicon. An author identification system was designed using machine learning techniques. The system tokenized the texts, extracted instances of lexical units specified in the lexicon, and computed the relative frequencies of semantic attribute values for each text, resulting in an overall "feature vector" that described each text. This approach was inspired by the method introduced by Argamon et al. (2007). For the learning phase, a multilayer perceptron classifier, a type of neural network, was utilized. Results To evaluate the system, the collected corpus was divided into five segments, and a 5-fold cross-validation method was applied. The 5-fold cross-validation demonstrated a satisfactory accuracy when focusing exclusively on function words. The combined use of function words and SFG methods achieved an accuracy of 74.47% for Persian author identification. Subsequent feature selection identified the most effective features for the machine learning phase. The results indicated that the relative frequency of function words outperformed SFG-based attributes in terms of effectiveness. Discussion and Conclusions The evaluation phase revealed that the function words-based method outperformed the systemic Functional grammar (SFG) approach in identifying authors. However, the simultaneous use of both methods improved effectiveness compared to using either method alone. The superior performance of the function words-based method may be attributed to the high frequency of function words and the author’s unconscious control over their use. Among the SFG-based features, the combination of top features—namely conjunctive, mood, and comment adjuncts—produced higher accuracy than any single system network alone. Additionally, the results from feature selection indicated that features derived from the modality system network were more effective than those from the conjunction and comment adjunct system networks for Persian author identification. Overall, while the function words-based method proved to be highly effective on its own, integrating it with SFG-based methods provided a more comprehensive approach, enhancing the accuracy of author identification.  

Due to the fact that the grammatical sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish language are generally based on traditional grammar and no distinction is made between the elements of tense and aspect in this approach, so the present study examines and compares these two elements in the Turkish and English languages based on the Halliday’, s systemic Functional grammar. In the first stage, the conjunctions of tense in Turkish language and then aspect in the form of English sentences with their Turkish equations were compared and examined and the following results were obtained: in all sources of traditional Azerbaijani Turkish grammar conjunctions-'ir ', "ar / ə, r And-miş, , which actually represent the process of occurrence of the verb, are considered as representatives of tense. In other words, in the Turkish traditional grammar we are faced with a kind of fusion of tens and aspect. On the other hand, in the systemic Functional grammar, the aforementioned morphemes are not included in the tens group, but, in the residue part, they play the first role of the predicators, i. e., they express the temporal aspect of the occurrence of the verbs. Also it was found that present tense morpheme in the Turkish language –,contrary to the traditional grammar-is represented by the absence of the morpheme ‘,-di’, , that is, with a zero morpheme which according to the systemic Functional grammar is placed in the 'predicator section. Tens morphemes in Turkish, unlike in English, which in some cases appear in the form of integration with lexical verbs, are always connected to the lexical verb base in the form of dependent morphemes.

The aim of this study is to investigate the argument structure of deverbal nouns in Persian on the basis of Lexical Functional grammar and to describe how the semantic roles of a verb can be represented in constituent structure of the equivalent deverbal noun. Data analyzes indicate that Mapping Principles in Lexical Functional grammar can properly determine that in Persian the agent in transitive deverbal noun is realized as oblique and in intransitive deverbal noun as postnominal possessor. Whereas the semantic roles of patient and theme in transitive deverbal noun are realized as possessor. According to Mapping Principles the semantic role of agent in nouns which are derived from passive construction can be realized as oblique in constituent structure.

Introduction: This research analyzes and evaluates modalization based on Halliday's systemic Functional grammar (SFG) in the Azerbaijani Turkish language. In this SFG-based approach, mood and modality are examined within the mood structure which consists of two parts: (i) mood with elements of subject and finite and (ii) residue. In short, modality in this system refers to the space between two polarities, namely 'yes' and 'no'. In modalization, the commodity being exchanged is information and the utterance is considered as a proposition in which the speaker's attitude to the event is in the form of degrees of probability or possibility of occurrence or degrees of usuality,this means the possibility of recurrence. Despite the lack of attention to modality and its integration into the concept of mood in the Turkish grammar, the concept of modality in this system has been significantly distinguished from the category of mood. This research is an attempt to address the issues about (i) the presentation of modalization, (ii) the role of adjuncts in distinguishing between degrees of certainty and usuality and (iii) the presentation of past and present tense in mood finites in the Turkish language. Methods & Materials: First of all, to investigate modalization in the Azerbaijani Turkish language, the elements and constituents that make up mood structure and modalization in terms of possibility of occurrence, frequency, degrees, levels and elements involved in their formation were examined. In so doing, Azerbaijani Turkish clauses and their English and Persian equivalents were used. The theoretical framework of the current analysis was based on the mood structure in SFG) and the corpus was taken from the clauses in the literary and fictional sources in the Turkish language. The concept of modality has not been mentioned at all in the sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar, and no study was found in the literature to address this issue based on SFG. Aijmer (2016), Nuyts (2001), Eggins (2004), and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) have widely examined modality based on SFG. Considering the integration of the concept of mood and modality in Turkish grammar, the aim of this research was to study the Azerbaijani Turkish language based on an approach that can make a clear distinction between these two categories. Discussion: The findings show that the mood structure in the Turkish language is also made up of two parts: mood and residue. The mood itself is composed of two components: the subject and the finite, and the residue includes the three Functional elements of predicator, complement and adjunct. Results also show that predicators are an integral part of the mood structure and determine the presence, absence and number of complements in this constituent, while the presence of adjuncts in this structure is not mandatory and they can be removed from the clause. Concerning modalization, the study of the syntactic behavior of the elements and the morphemes involved in the clauses indicates that Azerbaijani Turkish expresses modality with "high" and "medium" degrees of certainty by means of the finite-mali. Also, unlike the English language that uses different finites, i. e., may and could, Azerbaijani Turkish uses the morpheme-abil which does not represent the semantic differences in its English equivalents. Examining the clauses of modalization in terms of probability and only with the presence of mood adjuncts showed that the ambiguity in Azerbaijani Turkish in terms of making a distinction in the degree of probability of occurrence is removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts. Furthermore, examining the modalization in terms of usuality with the presence of adjuncts of frequency in Azerbaijani Turkish showed that there is no ambiguity in the levels of usuality. A third state related to modalization in terms of probability with high and low degrees of certainty was also found. It was evident that the mood finites and the mood adjuncts were employed simultaneously. Despite the fact that the mood finites are the same in Azerbaijani Turkish, the ambiguity in the distinction between high and medium levels has been removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts,different mood adjuncts have raised the scale of certainty. Finally, the examination of modal verbs showed that in Azerbaijani Turkish-unlike English-the concept of tense does not appear in an integrated form with lexical verbs, but it emerges as a dependent morpheme. These morphemes are-di in the past tense and zero in the present tense. Surprisingly enough, in the current grammar sources of Azerbaijani Turkish, the morpheme-ir is mistakenly introduced as the morpheme of the present tense. Conclusion: Overall, it is concluded that modalization in terms of probability in the Azerbaijani Turkish language is represented in three levels and states: (i) only with the presence of mood finites, (ii) only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and (iii) with the simultaneous presence of mood finites and mood adjuncts. The only difference is that the distinction between high and medium levels and also the semantic distinction between could and may at the low level is not possible in Azerbaijani Turkish. Modalization in terms of usuality is manifested only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and no ambiguity in different levels is observed. Not only the presence of mood adjuncts in modalization removes the ambiguity in the distinction between levels, but also their presence along with the mood finites can raise the degree of certainty of modalization in terms of probability. The combination of the morphemes of modality and tense generates mood finites in Azerbaijani Turkish. The morpheme-di indicates the past tense and its absence indicates the present tense, i. e., zero morpheme. Although the morpheme-ir is often reported to indicate the present tense in the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar sources, the SFG-based approach to Azerbaijani Turkish shows the process of the occurrence of verbs.

Rumi and Shams Discourse Analysis in the Expression of Love Based on Halliday's TheoryIn the current research, a romantic discourse of Rumi and Shams has been analyzed based on the order of Halliday's role orientation. Examining the text (speech and writing) in discourse analysis takes place beyond the formal structures of the language. In romantic words and texts, according to the speaker's abstract expression, mental images are coded in a special way. The main goal of this research is to find out how emotions are represented in this romantic discourse, as well as to find similarities and possible differences in the expression of their internal feelings. This research answers the question of how the characteristics of Rumi and Shams' romantic speech are determined based on Halliday's role-oriented order. The hypothesis of the research is that Halliday's role-oriented order is efficient in analyzing the discourse of romantic texts. Based on this, a sonnet by Rumi and a romantic expression by Shams Tabrizi have been selected as a case in point so that we can obtain broader dimensions of this discussion. the context of the text in a descriptive-analytical way has been investigated with the help of all three ideological, interpersonal and textual trans-roles. The findings of the research show that the high frequency of the behavioral process in Moulana's sonnet shows his visual experience of his lover and his special attention to the description of his beloved's behavioral states. The high frequency of the existential process in the words of Shams reveals the concept of the existence of this love.